NHKニュースで学ぶ現代英語 2024年11月勉強分③

スズメなど里山の鳥が急減

< 見出し>16 KINDS OF WOODLAND BIRDS DECLINING IN JAPAN

Japan’s Environment Ministry says the populations of 16 species of birds have been declining at a sharp pace.

・population:(動物の)個体数
・at a sharp pace:急速に、急激なペースで

It notes that at this rate the species could become endangered.

note:指摘する
・become endangered:絶滅危惧種になる

The ministry has been studying ecological changes at about 1,000 locations across Japan since 2003.

・ecological:生態学の、生態系の

It has analyzed ecological data collected in woodlands around villages up to March of 2023.


It has found that, out of 106 species of birds, the populations of 16 of them have decreased by 3.5 percent or more annually.

・out of ~:~(全体数)のうち

The rates of decline are similar to those of endangered species that appear on the ministry’s Red List.

・red list:(ここでは)絶滅のおそれのある野生生物の種のリスト
 ※環境省などが作成しているレッドリストを指しているため、頭文字を大文字にした固有名詞になっている。 cf. blacklist:要注意人物リスト

The sparrow population has shrunk by 3.6 percent annually, and the Japanese wagtail population has declined by 8.6 percent.

・shrink:縮小する、減少する、小さくなる
 ※統計の文脈では、decreaseやdeclineなどと同じように使われる。
・Japanese wagtail:セグロセキレイ

The ministry attributes the shrinking populations to global warming.

attribute A to B:Aの原因をBとする、AなのはBのせいだ

It notes that the problem has reduced the number of habitats that are suitable for the species.

habitat:生息地


米中“パンダ外交”再開

< 見出し>TWO GIANT PANDAS FROM CHINA ARRIVE IN U.S. CAPITAL

A zoo in the U.S. is welcoming two giant pandas from China.


U.S. media outlets are calling the loan a renewal of China’s “panda diplomacy.”

・loan:貸し出し、貸与、ローン
 ※金銭の貸し付け以外でも使う。例) be on loan:(社員が他の会社に)出向している、(選手がほかのチームに)レンタル移籍している
・renewal:再開、復活、(契約や免許などの)更新
・diplomacy:外交

The Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute says the animals were put on a chartered flight named the “Panda Express” that departed Sichuan Province.

・put A on B:「AをBに置く、つける」→「載せる(乗せる)」
・Sichuan Province:四川省
 ※「スー・チュアン」のような発音

Bao Li, a male, and female Qing Bao arrived on Tuesday.


Panda loans to the zoo began after then-U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China in 1972.

then-~:当時の~

The animals have been a symbol of friendly ties for over 50 years.


A pair and their cub were returned to China last year, leaving the zoo without any of the animal ambassadors.

cub:(クマやオオカミなど肉食獣の)子ども

But during a visit to San Francisco in November last year, Chinese President Xi Jinping had indicated the U.S. would be getting some more.

・indicate:示唆する、示す

CNN calls the renewed panda diplomacy “a rare bright spot in the fraught relations between the world’s two superpower rivals.”

fraught:緊迫した、問題や心配事でいっぱいの [frɔt]
・superpower:超大国


太陽の活動は“極大期”

< 見出し>'SOLAR MAXIMUM’ THREATENS COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION
communication:通信

U.S. authorities monitoring atmospheric conditions say solar activity is now at a maximum and could impact communication and navigation systems.

atmospheric:大気の
・at a maximum:最大の状態(の1つ)で

Solar activity increases and decreases in a cycle that lasts about 11 years.

・in a cycle:周期で、周期的に
・last:続く

NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have announced the sun has reached its “solar maximum period,” which could continue for the next year.

・NASA:National Aeronautics and Space Administration「アメリカ航空宇宙局」の頭文字をとった略称
・solar maximum period:太陽活動極大期、(太陽の)極大期
 ※クオテーションマーク(“”)で囲まれているのは、これが一般にはなじみのない専門用語だから。

During such periods, electromagnetic eruptions called solar flares occur on the surface of the sun.

・electromagnetic:電磁気的な
eruption:噴出

These phenomena could affect satellite-based navigation systems, radio communication, and power grids.

phenomena:現象
 ※単数形はphenomenon
・radio communication:無線通信
power grid:電力網
 ※gridは「格子、網」で、power「電気、電力」をくまなく伝えるために張りめぐらされた電線(送電網)というイメージ。

They could also produce auroras at lower latitudes.

・latitude:緯度
 ※cf. 経度:longitude
・aurora:豆知識参照

In May, auroras triggered by solar flares were observed around the world.


In the United States, GPS services were disrupted.

disrupt:乱す、混乱させる、中断させる、障害を及ぼす

The sun may already have been in a maximum period at the time.



【 豆知識:"Aurora" と “Norther Lights" の違い 】
“Aurora" と “Norther Lights" の使い分けについて、chatGPTに質問した。

Aurora
意味: ラテン語に由来し、「夜明け」や「曙光」を意味します。科学的な用語として使われることが多いです。
種類:Aurora Borealis(北極圏のオーロラ): 「北の夜明け」という意味。
Aurora Australis(南極圏のオーロラ): 「南の夜明け」という意味。
使われ方:専門的な文脈や科学的な説明で使用される。
地球以外の惑星で観測されるオーロラ(例: 火星のオーロラ)にも使われます。
例: “Aurora Borealis is commonly visible in Alaska during the winter months."
(オーロラ・ボレアリスは冬の間アラスカでよく見られる。)

Northern Lights
意味: 北半球で見られるオーロラ(特にAurora Borealis)を指します。より日常的で親しみやすい表現。
種類: 主に北半球に限定して使われるため、南極圏のオーロラ(Aurora Australis)には通常使いません。
使われ方:観光、日常会話、文学、詩的な表現などで使用される。
特に北極圏の国々での体験を表す際に好まれます。
例: “Many tourists visit Norway to see the Northern Lights."
(多くの観光客がノルウェーを訪れてオーロラを見ます。)

参考:英会話タイムトライアル2023年度5月



北朝鮮軍 ロシアの戦争に協力か

< 見出し>UKRAINE FM: N. KOREA IS AIDING RUSSIA’S INVASION WITH TROOPS
・FM:= Foreign Minister 外相
troop:部隊、軍隊

Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andrii Sybiha has accused Russia of escalating its invasion of Ukraine by involving North Korea on what he calls “a war party scale.”

・party:加担者、関係者

He reiterated calls for support from Western countries to end the invasion.

reiterate ~:(強調するために)~を繰り返して言う、改めて言う [riítərèit]

Sybiha wrote on social media on Friday: “North Korea is aiding Russian aggression against Ukraine with weapons and personnel. Not mercenaries. Regular units.”

・write on social media:SNSに投稿する
aggression:侵略(行為)、攻撃
personnel:人材 [pə̀ːrsənnél]
mercenary:雇われた兵士、傭兵
・regular unit:正規部隊

South Korea’s National Intelligence Service said on the same day that North Korea had dispatched about 1,500 special forces troops to Russia’s Far East this month.

・National Intelligence Service:韓国政府の情報機関「国家情報院」
・dispatch:(部隊などを)派遣する
Far East:極東

It also said it believes the soldiers will be deployed in Ukraine after undergoing training by the Russian military.

deploy:(部隊・軍隊などを)配備する、展開する
undergo:受ける

アマゾン 原発開発に投資

< 見出し>AMAZON BETS ON NUCLEAR TO POWER AI AMBITIONS

Amazon has joined a growing field of U.S. tech giants that are investing in nuclear power to meet surging energy demand from AI.


Amazon says it has inked agreements with a number of companies to develop next-generation small modular reactors known as SMRs.

・ink ~:(契約書・合意書などに)署名する
reactor:原子炉

The tech firm is leading a 500-million-dollar funding round in X-energy to build SMRs.

funding:資金調達
・funding round:資金調達ラウンド
 ※スタートアップ企業(startup)が通常、事業の構想段階から事業が軌道に乗るまでに何度か投資を募る、その各回のこと。

It’s also pushing for other SMR projects in the states of Washington and Virginia.

・the state of Washington:ワシントン州
 ※cf. Washington D.C.:(アメリカの首都の)ワシントン(D.C.は、District of Columbia「コロンビア特別区」の略)

Amazon’s announcement comes days after Google unveiled a similar plan to invest in nuclear plants.

・days after ~:~の数日後に

Microsoft is also moving into the sector. It plans to get power from a nuclear plant on Three Mile Island.

・move into ~:(ビジネス・事業などを)手がける

The firms are banking on nuclear power to meet their growing energy needs without increasing their carbon emissions.

・bank on ~:~を当てにする、~を頼りにする
・carbon emissions:二酸化炭素排出量